HYBRID CAR

2011-02-05T08:56:00.000-08:00

In the construction of hybrid car , the hybrid car consist the following things:-

Servo moter, induction motor, control unit, steeper moter, induction breaking coil, gears, resistances, diodes, capacitors, sensors:- shock absorber sensing device, sound sensing device, solar sensing device and :-

1381 voltage detector

2N3906 NPN Transistor

2N3904 PNP Transistor

Solar cells

Motor

Capacitor 0.47 Farad

1 Farad Capacitor will charge up in 8 minutes.

Power-Generating Shock Absorber:-

AIM: -

To design & develop Power-Generating Shock Absorber (PGSA).

Abstract

The project here is all about Power-Generating Shock Absorber (PGSA). The Power-Generating Shock Absorber (PGSA) converts kinetic energy into electricity through the use of a Linear Motion Electromagnetic System (LMES).

There are at least two entities who have spent time/resources developing this concept: Goldner et al.; and Oxenreider.

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An electromagnetic linear generator and regenerative electromagnetic shock absorber is disclosed which converts variable frequency, repetitive intermittent linear displacement motion to useful electrical power.

The innovative device provides for superposition of radial components of the magnetic flux density from a plurality of adjacent magnets to produce a maximum average radial magnetic flux density within a coil winding array.

Due to the vector superposition of the magnetic fields and magnetic flux from a plurality of magnets, a nearly four-fold increase in magnetic flux density is achieved over conventional electromagnetic generator designs with a potential sixteen-fold increase in power generating capacity.

As a regenerative shock absorber, the disclosed device is capable of converting parasitic displacement motion and vibrations encountered under normal urban driving conditions to a useful electrical energy for powering vehicles and accessories or charging batteries in electric and fossil fuel powered vehicles.

The disclosed device is capable of high power generation capacity and energy conversion efficiency with minimal weight penalty for improved fuel efficiency.

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WORKING:-

A conventional automotive shock absorber dampens suspension movement to produce a controlled action that keeps the tire firmly on the road. This is done by converting the kinetic energy into heat energy, which is then absorbed by the shock’s oil.

The Power-Generating Shock Absorber (PGSA) converts this kinetic energy into electricity instead of heat through the use of a Linear Motion Electromagnetic System (LMES).

The LMES uses a dense permanent magnet stack embedded in the main piston, a switchable series of stator coil windings, a rectifier, and an electronic control system to manage the varying electrical output and dampening load.

The bottom shaft of the PGSA mounts to the moving suspension member and forces the magnet stack to reciprocate within the annular array of stator windings, producing alternating current electricity. That electricity is then converted into direct current through a full-wave rectifier and stored in the vehicle’s batteries.

The electricity generated by each PGSA can then be combined with electricity from other power generation systems (e.g. regenerative braking) and stored in the vehicle’s batteries.

Plug-and-Play

The PGSA is the same basic size and shape, and mounts in the same way, as a standard shock absorber or strut cartridge.

Adjustable Dampening

An electronic control system monitors the requirements of each individual road wheel’s suspension and varies the dampening by quickly switching on or off individual stator coil rings. With all stator coil rings switched on the PGSA produces a strong dampening force which can then be varied for disparate road conditions by switching coils on and off as needed. This provides an added level of benefits in allowing the shock to be very soft in cruising situations (small, high-frequency movements) and instantly change to a sport shock in aggressive cornering situations (longer, lower-frequency movements). Further, the rebound and compression strokes can have different dampening values and application curves depending on performance requirements.

This application could conceivably produce over twenty watts per wheel in normal operation. City driving, with its varying road surface characteristics, as well as stop and go traffic’s font-to-back loading, will generate more power than driving on smooth roads at consistent speeds.

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Manufacturing Considerations

Manufacture of the Power-Generating Shock Absorber will require a machined main shaft with embedded permanent magnet stack, a strong air-gap cylinder housing, high quality stator windings, and robust slide bearings. Other systems, such as microprocessor-controlled voltage, current, and dampening regulation, external casing, protective bellows, etc. will also need to be designed and tested.

Applications :-

LMES technology is already finding its place in ocean power generating systems. Its introduction into the automotive world is the next logical step. This technology can be applied to any type of vehicle that employs movable suspension technology and uses electricity in some form as its fuel.

Reinvention

Regenerative shock absorbers devloped by team at MIT - A team of undergrads at MIT - led by Shakeel Avadhany and Zack Anderson - has produced a prototype of a shock absorber for vehicles which can harness and generate electricity back into the vehicle. The team claims that their prototype increases a vehicle's fuel-efficiency by up to 10 percent by using a "hydraulic system that forces fluid through a turbine attached to a generator.

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Comments

"This has been done many, many times...Purdue University did it, BYU did it, Tufts University (as another poster noted) and countless other individuals. Everything from extracting energy from the hydraulics to adding magnetic coils....been there, done that. Engineers have been messing with this tech for years...and years....and years.

Related Technologies

Power-Generating Shock Absorber - Shock absorbers that generate electricity, which are being developed by Cambridge, MA-based Levant Power, can lower fuel consumption by 1.5 to 6 percent, depending on the vehicle and driving conditions. The system can also improve vehicle handling.

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Sound Sensor :-

Description:-

This program is for a hybrid car with the sound sensor attached to the car and connected to the battery.

Transformation of sound into electric Energy:-

Sound energy is also a type of wave motion. We are heard by others when we talk because of the sound energy we produce. It is due to the effect of the air molecules vibrating when we talk. The vibrating molecules hit our eardrums, which enable us to hear others talk.

Sound energy may be converted into electrical energy for transmission, and later the electrical energy can be converted back into sound energy at the receiving end. An example of such transformations could be seen in the microphone and the loudspeaker.

Sound, like heat energy is easily lost. The transformation of one form of energy into another may be accompanied by losses in the form of sound and/or heat that are often not desirable.

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Images

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The car does react to loud sounds as expected:

1)The sound level used in the sound wait for command might need to raised or lowered depending on the sensor, room noise, etc. The output of the sound sensor can be viewed directly from the car (through the View menu option), and is often helpful for debugging.

2)Make sure the sensors/motors are connected to the correct ports.

3)Read back through the instructions and make sure all the properties for the commands are set correctly.

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Solar system:-

A solar vehicle is an electric vehicle powered by solar electricity. This is obtained from solar panels on the surface (generally, the top or window) of the vehicle or using a solar jacket in electric bicycles.

Photovoltaic (PV) cells convert the sun's energy directly into electrical energy.

Solar vehicles are not sold as practical day-to-day transportation devices at present, but are primarily demonstration vehicles and engineering exercises, often sponsored by government agencies.

However indirectly solar-charged vehicles are widespread and solar boats are available commercially.

Factors affecting solar panels output.

Cloud

Season

Pollution

Wire length

Connection quality.

Solar Cars:-

Solar cars combine technology typically used in the aerospace, bicycle, alternative energy and automotive industries. The design of a solar vehicle is severely limited by the amount of energy input into the car. Most solar cars have been built for the purpose of solar car races. Exceptions include solar-powered cars and utility vehicles.

Solar cars are often fitted with gauges as seen in conventional cars. In order to keep the car running smoothly, the driver must keep an eye on these gauges to spot possible problems. Cars without gauges almost always feature wireless telemetry, which allows the driver's team to monitor the car's energy consumption, solar energy capture and other parameters and free the driver to concentrate on driving.

Solar cars depend on PV cells to convert sunlight into electricity. In fact, 51% of sunlight actually enters the Earth's atmosphere. Unlike solar thermal energy which converts solar energy to heat for either household purposes, industrial purposes or to be converted to electricity, PV cells directly convert sunlight into electricity. When sunlight (photons) strike PV cells, they excite electrons and allow them to flow, creating an electrical current. PV cells are made of semiconductor materials such as silicon and alloys of indium, gallium and nitrogen. Silicon is the most common material used and has an efficiency rate of 15-20%.

Solar array

The solar array consists of hundreds of photovoltaic solar cells converting sunlight into electricity. In order to construct an array, PV cells are placed together to form modules which are placed together to form an array. The larger arrays in use can produce over 2 kilowatts (2.6 hp).

Working:-

The solar panels provided the energy to the car.

Seven solar panels were connected in parallel since the position of the solar cells around the car. Meaning since they are located at different position some of them received light depending of the direction of the solar car. Since some of them did not received light the current drop in a series configuration. The best configuration will be connecting three of the solar cell pointing upward straight to the sun in series configuration and the other four in parallel.

The solar car was design with light material. The solar panels are removable and attached to the car. Position of the Solar cells arrays in such a way that capture the maximum sun rays.

Seven solar cells connected in parallel give out 2.8 watts. Voltage level approximate 2.0 volts. Current increased in this configuration approximate 1.4 Amperes. (Each solar cell provides 200ma.)

Each solar cell has a positive and a negative terminal.

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Working of solar panal in a car

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Limitations of Hybrid car:-

· Hybrid car not produce so much power like fuel generate the power.

· Because of the less power produced the hybrid car not reaches the high speed.

· Some models of hybrid car uses some amount of oil for the time of starting.

· Tested sensors may be fail at high speed.

· Pickup of vehicle is not much.

· Hybrid car have the complicated setup because of its sensors and motors.

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Applications:-

ü Hybrid car is use in there wherecost of fuel is high or lack of fuel.

ü Hybrid car is used in industrial area as a trolley.

ü Hybrid car is used by middle class man as a personal vehicle.

ü It is also used as a smart car .

ü It is used for the save the money & fuel.

ü It is used for the places of the conventional energy sources because it is a conventional energy source car.

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Conclusion:-

Hybrid car contains the Power-generating shock absorber, Solar sensor system, Sound sensor system.It is also used the control unit which controls the electricity generate and supply to the battery . it is not need or run on conventional matters because of it needs the unconventional matters like sound, light, solar, shocker etc.

Most of the time we understand ideal systems and you base your knowledge in theoretical data and after experimenting with solar cells you find out that the output current is very poor and the voltage is not ideal. Factors like this limit the experiment.

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References:-

ü www.ask.com

ü www.wikipedia.com

ü www.scienceprojects.co.in

ü www.10001projects.com

ü www.uptuprojects.com

ü Book of solar conceptual grid by Narsinha dutta

ü Web search on sound sensor detector on www.pdfdatabase.uk

ü Web search of shock absorber sensor on www.ssp.com

ü Take help of our guide and H.O.D.

Mr. Harsh Rai (M.E.)